Pond olive
Cloeon dipterum
The pond olive is one of the most common mayfly species in Europe, inhabiting a wide variety of stagnant water bodies such as ponds and pools. A striking feature is the complete absence of hind wings in the adults, which is reflected in its scientific and common names. Females exhibit a rare form of ovoviviparity, where eggs are matured internally and larvae hatch immediately upon being deposited in the water. The larvae are highly adaptable and, compared to other mayflies, can tolerate moderate water pollution and low oxygen levels.
Details
Identification
Only two wings (hind wings absent), two tail filaments (cerci), males with turbinate eyes, reduced wing venation.
Social behavior
Larvae live solitarily; the winged adults often form dense swarms over the water or near the shore for mating.
Diet
Larvae feed on algae (periphyton), diatoms, and organic detritus; adults do not consume any food.
Spawning substrate
Eggs are released directly into the water or onto the water surface (ovoviviparity).
Overwintering
Overwintering occurs in the larval stage at the bottom of the water body, often in deeper, frost-free zones.
Ecology
Ecological role
Important primary consumer in aquatic ecosystems and a significant prey source for predatory insects and fish.
Natural predators
Dragonfly larvae, backswimmers, diving beetles, fish, birds (for adults).
Competitor species
Other mayfly larvae of the family Baetidae.
Ecosystem service
Contributes to the nutrient cycle and serves as a food source for fisheries.
Threats
Destruction of small water bodies, massive use of insecticides, extreme drying out due to climate change.
Scientific profile
Profile
Distinguishing features
Only one pair of wings present (hind wings absent or vestigial). Pterostigma with 3-5 cross-veins. Males with prominent turban eyes.