European Elder
Sambucus nigra
Sambucus nigra is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to Europe, often growing up to 11 meters in height. It thrives in nitrogen-rich, moist soils and is commonly found in hedgerows, woodland edges, and riparian zones. The plant is famous for its fragrant, flat-topped clusters of creamy-white flowers in early summer and its glossy black berries in autumn. Most parts of the plant, excluding the flowers and fully ripe berries, contain cyanogenic glycosides and are mildly toxic.
Details
Oxygen production
Low to moderate oxygen production through photosynthesis.
Habitat function
Nesting site for hedge-breeding birds, cover for small mammals, host plant for caterpillars.
Nutrient uptake
High uptake of nitrogen and potassium from the soil.
Food source for
Birds (thrushes, warblers), hoverflies, wild bees, elder aphid.
Human use
Use of flowers for syrup/tea, berries for juice/jelly; medicinal use for colds; dye source.
Ecology
Ecological role
Important pioneer plant; provides food for over 60 bird species and numerous insects such as hoverflies and bees.
Natural predators
Aphids (Aphis sambuci), fungi such as the Jelly Ear (Auricularia auricula-judae).
Competitor species
Other pioneer woody plants such as willows, birches, or blackberries.
Ecosystem service
Soil stabilization in riparian zones, pollinator habitat, food source for wildlife.
Threats
Eutrophication (usually benefits it), habitat loss through land sealing.
Scientific profile
Profile
Protection & threats
Main threats
No immediate threat; locally affected by intensive agriculture or drainage of floodplain sites.